Appendix A. Case Studies

The purpose of the case study summaries presented in this chapter is to provide an overview of the steps involved with remediating contaminated sediments. Case studies presented in this appendix typically include the following:

contact information
brief summary of site characteristics and the remedy employed
site description including environment, chemicals of concern, primary sources, site history, and a summary of the CSMconceptual site model
remedial objectives
remedial approach
monitoring approach
references

Table A-1 presents a list of the case study descriptions presented in this appendix, including a summary of the general categories of remedial components (removal, cappingTechnology which covers contaminated sediment with material to isolate the contaminants from the surrounding environment., MNR/EMNR, or a combination of these) included at each site. Table A-2 presents a list of the various chemicals of concern associated with each case study.

Each case study description can be accessed by clicking on the site name in Table A-1 or Table A-2.

Table A-1. Remedy components
Case Study Site	Date	EPA Region	Remedy Description	Removal	Capping	MNR or EMNR
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD	2009	3	Reactive mat with mixture of peat and compost bioaugmented with dechlorinating microbes		X
Anacostia River, Washington, D.C.	2004 2007	3	Carbon RCM, bulk apatiteName given to a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite distributed widely in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, often in the form of cryptocrystalline fragments. Hydroxylapatite is used in chromatographic techniques to purify proteins and other chemicals., AquaBlok		X
Barge Canal, SC	1998	4	Dredging and capping	X	X
Bellingham Bay, WA.		10	Removal, capA covering over material (contaminated sediment) used to isolate the contaminants from the surrounding environment., MNR	X	X	X
Bremerton Naval Complex (OU B), WA		10	Removal, isolation cap, thin cap, MNR	X	X	X
Brookhaven, Peconic River, NY	2005	2	Drying pad dewatering; wet cells for decanting; contaminated sediments landfilled	X		x
Callahan Mining, ME	2009	1	Removal and cap	X	X
Columbia Slough, OR		10	Source control, hotspot removal (dredging), and MNR	X		X
Commencement Bay, WA	1989 2000	10	MNR, and dredging and capping	X	X	X
Continental Steel, IN	2007	5	Dewatered; drying pads, sand and activated charcoal filtering; landfilled; CAMU; PCB and VOC disposed off site at permitted facility	X		X
Detroit River. Black Lagoon, MI	2005	5	GLLA demo; mechanical dredging and disposal	X	X
DuPont Gill Creek (SH1), NY	1992	3	Dewatered with sand bags & cofferdams; stabilized with fly ash & kiln dust then disposed of in TSCA/RCRA landfills. 230 yd³ incinerated	X		X
DuPont Newport, DE	1993	3	Removal	X
Eagle (East) Harbor, Wycoff, WA	1997	10	Dewatered; hotspot CDF disposal; large material landfilled; clean sediment backfill, capping	X	X	X
East Doane Lake, OR	1998		Removal, on-site disposal	X
Formosa Plastics, TX	1992	6	Cofferdam dewatering; partially dewatered sediments mixed with cement & barged to offload & disposed at RCRA-compliant landfill	X
Fox River & Green Bay, WI	1998	5	Removal hydraulic cutterhead with swinging ladder	X
Fox River & Green Bay (OU 1,OU 2), WI	2002	5	Removal auger, MNR	X
Fox River & Green Bay(OU 2, OU 3, OU 4), WI	2009	5	Removal swinging ladder and capping	X	X
Fox River & Green Bay (OU 2, OU 3, OU 4), WI	2013	5	Proposed removal and off-site disposal	X
Fox River (Lower) Green Bay (SH2), WI	2009	5	MNR 20 miles of river			X
Galaxy/Spectron (SH3), Elkton, MD	1999	3	Removal, GCL cap, GWTS	X	X
GM Massena St. Lawrence River, NY	1995	2	Removal and backfilled	X
Grand Calumet River (West Branch), Hammond, IN	2003	5	Removal disposal	X
Grasse River, Massena, NY	2001	2	Pilot study of various capping materials, and evaluation of scouring caused by ice jam		X
Grasse River (Hot Spot Removal), NY	1995	2	Removal, hydraulic dredgingDredging by use of a large suction pipe mounted on a hull and supported and moved about by a boom, a mechanical agitator, or cutter head which churns up earth in front of the pipe, and centrifugal pumps mounted on a dredge which suck up water and loose solids., vacuum dredging and on-site disposal	X
Grasse River (Pilot), NY	2005	2	Hydraulic cutterhead and on-site disposal	X
Grubers Grove Bay, WI	2001	5	Hydraulic dredging, Geotubes for dewatering	X
Hackensack River, NJ	2006	2	Removal, cap, MNR	X	X	X
Hooker,102nd St., Niagara Falls (SH4), NY	1990	2	Dredging, cap, and MNR	X	X	X
Housatonic River, MA	2002	1	Isolation cap installed on area not dredged; dredged areas backfilled and seeded/replanted.	X	X
Hudson River Poughkeepsie (EPRI), NY	2009	2	Organoclay/sand marine mattress and organoclay RCM	X	X	X
Hudson River (Hot Spots), NY	2009	1	Excavation and off-site disposal	X	X
Ketchikan Pulp, AK	2001	10	Removal, cap, MNR	X	X	X
Kokomo and Wildcat Creeks, IN	2007	5	Creek dewatered and sediment removed; treated with AC prior to disposal	X
Koppers Co., Inc., Former Barge Canal, Charleston, SC	1998	4	Removal, cap, MNR	X	X	X
Koppers Newport, DE	2005	3	Source control, excavation and capping	X
Lavaca Bay Area, TX	1999	6	Hydraulic cutterhead dredge	X		X
Lavaca Bay, Point Comfort, TX	2001	6	Removal, MNR	X		X
Love Canal, NY	1987	2	Excavation	X
Lower Duwamish, Marathon Battery (OU 1), NY	1986	2	Removal	X
Manistique River & Harbor, MI	1993	5	Hydraulic dredging, cap, MNR	X	X	X
Messer Street, Laconia (SH5), NH	2001	1	Removal	X
McCormick & Baxter Site, Willamette River (SH6), Portland, OR	1996	10	Cap	X	X
McCormick & Baxter (SH7), Stockton, CA	1999	9	Cap		X
Metal Bank, Delaware River, PA	1997	3	Mechanical dredging, cap	X	X
Milltown Reservoir, Missoula County, MT	2004	8	Removal, MNR	X		X
Money Point, VA	2009	3	Removal, thermal treatment of removed sediments	X		X
Natural Gas Compressor Station, MS	1997	4	Removal and stabilization	X
New Bedford (Hot Spots) (SH8), MA	1995	1	Hydraulic cutterhead dredge, slurry pipe to off-site TSCA disposal	X
New Bedford (SH9), MA	2004	1	Two hydraulic cutterheads, sediments dewatered and disposed in TSCA facility	X
McAllister Point, Naval Station, Landfill (OU 4), RI	1996	1	Removal, removed rock decontaminated	X	X
Ottawa River, Canada	1998		Hydraulic dredging; GLLA AOC demo, including AquaBlok	X
Ottawa River, Toledo, OH		5	Hydraulic dredging and off-site disposal	X
Pegan Cove, MA	2010	1	Removal hydraulic cutterhead and slurry pumped into Geotextile bags	X
Penobscot River (Dunnett's Cove), Me	2010	1	Cap designed to trap NAPL		X
Pettit Creek Flume, NY	1994	2	Removal and disposal	X
Pine Street Canal, VT	1998	1	Sand cap and cap amended with organophilic clayClay minerals whose surfaces have been ion exchanged with a chemical to make them oil-sorbent. Bentonite and hectorite (plate-like clays) and attapulgite and sepiolite (rod-shaped clays) are treated with oil-wetting agents during manufacturing. Quaternary fatty-acid amine is applied to the clay. Amine may be applied to dry clay during grinding or it can be applied to clay dispersed in water.		X
Pioneer Lake, OH	1997	5	Hydraulic cutterhead dredging and disposal in landfill or hazardous waste landfill depending on concentrations	X
Port of Portland, OR	2009	10	Bulk organoclay		X
Port of Tacoma Piers 24 and 25, WA	2005	10	Debris removal, excavation, and capping	X	X
Queensbury NMPC (OU 1)	1996	NA	Removal, stabilized prior to disposal	X
Randall Reef, Ontario, Canada	2010	NA	Dredging and on-site disposal	X
Reynolds, NY	1996	2	Mechanical dredging stabilized or shipped to hazardous waste landfill. Concentration dependent	X	X
Sapp Battery Salvage Yard, Jackson County, FL	1986	4	removal, wetland	X
Sheboygan River & Harbor, WI	2000	5	Removal, MNR	X		X
Shiawassee River, MI	2001	5	Removal, MNR	X		X
Stryker Bay (SLRIDT Superfund), Duluth, Mn	2004	5	Dredging, AC RCM	X	X
Starkweather Creek, WI	1993	5	Removal	X
Sullivan's Ledge, MA	2001	1	Backhoes and long reach excavators, stabilized w/ lime kiln dust	X	X
Torch Lake Superfund Site, MI	1994	5	Capping, MNR		X	X
Town Branch, KY	2000	4	Removal, DNAPL recovery	X
Ten Mile / Lange Revere Canal, MI	2003	5	Removal, stabilization of sediment before disposal	X
Tennessee Product, TN	1998	4	Removal, NAPL site capped with AquaBlok	X	X
Terry Creek, GA	2000	4	Cable arm clamshell	X
Twelve Mile Creek / Lake Hartwell	1994	4	MNR			X
Velsicol, MI	2007	5	Proposed removal, cap	X	X
Vineland Chemical, NJ	1989	2	Excavation, MNR	X		X
Waukegan Harbor (Outboard Marine), IL	1989	5	Removal, thermal desorption of removed sediments	X
West Branch Grand Calumet River (WBGCR) (Reaches 3, 4-5), Hammond, IN	2010, 2011	5	AC RCM	X	X
White Lake, MI	2003	5	Removal and disposal, dried and off-site disposal	X
Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor (OU 1 & OU 3), WA	1992	10	Cap, MNR, and institutional controlsNon-engineered instruments, such as administrative and legal controls, that help minimize the potential for human exposure to contamination and/or protect the integrity of the remedy.		X	X
Zidell - Willamette River, OR	2005	10	Dredging, cap, and MNR	X	X	X

Table A-2. Chemicals of concern
	Contaminants of Concern (compounds other than those listed were not considered)
Case Study Site	PCB	PAHs	Metals	Dioxin	Other Pollutants
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 2009					Chlorinated aliphatics
Anacostia River, Washington, D.C. 2004, 2007		X	X
Barge Canal, SC 1998		X	As, Pb, Cr, Cu	X	PCP
Bellingham Bay, WA.		4-MP and phenol	Hg
Bremerton Naval Complex (OU B), WA	X		Hg
Brookhaven, Peconic River, NY 2005	X		Hg, Ag, Cu
Callahan Mining, ME 2009	X		As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn
Columbia Slough, OR	X	X	Pb		Pesticides
Commencement Bay, WA 1989, 2000	X	X	As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn		VOCs and phthalates
Continental Steel, IN 2007
Detroit River, Black Lagoon, MI 2005	X		Hg, Pb, Zn		Oil and grease
DuPont Gill Creek (SH1), NY 1992	X		Hg		VOCs
DuPont Newport (SH1), DE 1993			Cd, Pb, and Zn (variable depending on OU - see case study)
Eagle (East) Harbor, Wycoff, WA 1997		X	Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn		Creosote, PCP
East Doane Lake, OR 1998			Pb	X
Formosa Plastics, TX 1992					Ethylene dichloride
Fox River & Green Bay, WI 1998	X		Hg
Fox River & Green Bay (OU 1, OU 2), WI 2002	X		Hg
Fox River & Green Bay (OU 2, OU 3, OU 4), WI 2009	X	X	Hg, Pb, As	X	Furan, DDT
Fox River & Green Bay (OU 2, OU 3, OU 4), WI 2013	X		Hg, Pb, As	X	Furan, DDT
Fox River (Lower) Green Bay (SH2), WI 2009	X	X	Hg, Pb, As	X	Furan, DDT
Galaxy/Spectron (SH3), Elkton, MD 1999					DNAPL, VOCs
GM Massena St. Lawrence River (SH3), NY 1995	X
Grand Calumet River (West Branch), Hammond, IN 2004	X	X	X		Cyanide
Grasse River, Massena, NY 2001	X		X
Grasse River (Hotspot Removal), NY 1995	X
Grasse River (Pilot), NY 2005	X
Grubers Grove Bay, WI 2001			Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn		Methyl mercury
Hackensack River, NJ			Cr
Hooker, Niagara Falls, 102nd St.(SH4), NY 1990		X
Housatonic River, MA
Hudson River Poughkeepsie (EPRI), NY 2009		X			Coal tar NAPL
Hudson River (Hot Spots), NY 2009	X
Ketchikan Pulp, AK 2001	X		Pb, As		NH4, H2S, petroleum
Kokomo and Wildcat Creeks, IN 2007	X	X	Pb, As, Be		VOCs
Koppers Co., Inc., Former Barge Canal, Charleston, SC 1998		X	As, Pb, Cr, Cu	X
Koppers Newport, DE 2005		X			NAPL
Lavaca Bay Area, TX 1999		X	Hg
Lavaca Bay, Point Comfort, TX 2001		X	Hg		Methylmercury
Love Canal, NY 1987		X	X	X	VOCs and pesticides
Lower Duwamish, Marathon Battery (OU 1), NY 1986			Cd, Ni, Co		TCE
Manistique River & Harbor, MI 1993	X
Messer Street (SH5), Laconia, NH 2001
McCormick & Baxter Site, Willamette River(SH6), Portland, OR 1996			X	X
McCormick (SH7) & Baxter, Stockton, CA 1999		X		X
Metal Bank, Delaware River, PA 1997	X	X		X
Milltown Reservoir, Missoula County, MT 2004			As, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn	X	Creosote NAPL
Money Point, VA 2009		X	As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn
Natural Gas Compressor Station, MS 1997	X
New Bedford (Hot Spots) (SH8), MA 1995	X		X
New Bedford (SH9), MA 2004	X		X
New Castle County, DE 1997		X			NAPL
McAllister Point (Naval Station) Landfill (OU 4), RI 1996
Ottawa River, Canada 1998	X	X
Ottawa River, Toledo, OH	X	X
Pegan Cove, MA 2010		X			VOCs, BTEX, coal tar
Penobscot River (Dunnett's Cove), MN 2010		X			coal tar NAPL
Pettit Creek, NY					DNAPL VOCs and SVOCs
Pine Street Canal, VT		X	X		NAPL, VOCs
Pioneer Lake, OH		X
Port of Portland, OR 2009			Pb	X
Port of Tacoma Piers 24 and 25, WA 2005	X	X	Cu, Hg, Zn		Phenanthrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, hexachlorobutadine (HCBD)
Queensbury NMPC (OU 1)	X
Randall Reef, Ontario, Canada 2010		X	X
Reynolds, NY 1996	X	X			Dibenzofurans
Sapp Battery Salvage Yard, Jackson County, FL 1986			Pb
Sheboygan River & Harbor, WI	X
Shiawassee River, MI 2001	X
Stryker Bay (SLRIDT Superfund), Duluth, MN 2004
Starkweather Creek, WI 1993			Mg, Cr, Pb		Oil and grease
Sullivan's Ledge, MA 2001	X	X
Torch Lake Superfund Site, MI 1994	X	X	X		Coal tar, nitrate, ammonia, waste from explosive manufacturing
Town Branch, KY 2000	X
Ten Mile / Lange Revere Canal, MI 2003	X				VOCs, SVOCs
Tennessee Product, TN 1998		X
Terry Creek, GA 2000					Toxaphene
Twelve Mile Creek / Lake Hartwell, 1994	X
Velsicol, MI 2007	X		X		PPB, DDT, pesticides, brominated compounds, rare earth metals and radioactive contaminants
Vineland Chemical, NJ 1989			As
Waukegan Harbor, (Outboard Marine), IL 1989	X
West Branch Grand Calumet River (WBGCR) (Reaches 3, 4-5), Hammond, IN 2010, 2001	X	X	X		Pesticides
White Lake, MI 2003			Cr, As, Hg		Tannery waste
Wyckoff/Eagle Harbor (OU 1 & OU 3), WA 1992		X	X		Creosote and pentachlorophenol
Zidell - Willamette River, OR 2005	X	X	X		TBT

Publication Date: August 2014

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